Countering plans for seismic activities to search for hydrocarbon resources off the Algarve coast, OceanCare and the Silent Oceans Coalition presented a Statement of Concern signed by 14 nature and species conservation organisations to the Government of Portugal on February 3, 2016.
The coalition demands that independent environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are carried out prior to any seismic activities. This demand is consistent with the EU’s EIA directive which has been revised in 2014. Prior to this revision EIAs had to be performed only for planned drillings in the seafloor, but now they are mandatory for exploration activities too.
Wide beaches of fine sand, secluded inlets, sleepy villages, and steep cliffs – these images come to our minds when thinking of the Algarve. The waters off its coast are home to a unique underwater world, including several whale and dolphin species, blue sharks, other apex predators, and a wide variety of fish and other marine animals.
The Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park is extending nearly two kilometres into the ocean. But this fragile ecosystem is in peril as the petroleum industry is grabbing for this precious area, planning to search for oil and gas off the Algarve coast. Up to 40 sound cannons (so-called air guns) would send unimaginably loud noise towards the sea floor every 10 to 15 seconds. In the best case, marine mammals can manage to escape from the noise in time. But in the worst case, the extreme sound pressure can cause blood vessels to rupture - the marine mammals panick, surface too fast and die from decompression sickness, which they never would otherwise under natural circumstances.
Adding to the threats inflicted on whales and dolphins, oil exploration off the Algarve is also posing risks to tourism and fisheries. Scientific studies showed that fish catches plummet by 40 to 80 percent following intense noise events. 85 percent of Portugal’s fishing fleet is based in the Algarve. Thus, both the environment and the local economy are put at risk for the sake of short-term profits.
“We hope that Portuguese decision makers will meet our plea to implement international agreements and not to authorise activities by the petroleum industry without having carried out comprehensive and independent assessments”, says Sigrid Lüber, president of OceanCare, speaking on behalf of the Silent Oceans Coalition.
The local public – including an alliance of 16 Algarvian mayors – and the "Silent Oceans Coalition" will closely monitor how the government of Portugal is going to deal with this problematic issue.
THE ORIGINATING ORGANISATION - OCEANCARE
OceanCare has been working for the protection of marine mammals and oceans since 1989. With research and conservation projects, campaigns, environmental education as well as its contributions to a range of important international committees, OceanCare has undertaken concrete steps worldwide to improve the conditions of life in the world’s oceans.
In 2004, the UNEP/CMS Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, MediterraneanSea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) acknowledged OceanCare as a partner organisation. In 2011, OceanCare was granted Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations to provide expert advise on questions regarding the protection of the marine environment. In 2013 OceanCare initiated the international online campaign «Silent Oceans» to protect marine life from underwater noise.
www.oceancare.org/en, www.silentoceans.com
SILENT OCEANS COALITION
Silent Oceans 14 alliance members are: Alianza Mar Blava, Animal Welfare Institute, MEER e.V., Morigenos–Slovenian Marine Mammal Society, NRDC, OceanCare, Ocean Conservation Research, Ocean Mammal Institute, Oceanomare Delphis Onlus, Pro Wildlife e.V., Salvia Team, Vivamar Society for the Sustainable Development for the Sea Wild Migration, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, and Wildmigration Network
Statement of Concern about Seismic Activities to Explore Hydrocarbon Resources in the Waters of the Algarve
We the undersigned draw your attention to concerns about seismic activities to explore hydrocarbon resources in the waters off the Algarve.
The Algarve coast is home to a wide variety of marine life including dolphins and species of whales – among them minke whales, orcas and of course, dolphins, but also blue sharks and other top predators and fish. It is also home to marine turtles and sea birds.
Recognised world-wide as a holiday destination, the Algarve is the main tourism area of the country. Boasting some of the cleanest and most scenic beaches in Southern Europe one of the Algarve's star attractions is without doubt the stunning coastline. Long expanses of soft, golden sand, secluded coves backed by ochre cliffs and topped by vibrant green pines. Each beach is a gem waiting to be discovered, each with it's own unique charm.
The Natural Park of Vicentine Coast and Southwest Algarve is a protected area that encloses a marine zone extending 1 mile out from thecoast which is also considered a multiple zone MPA, and a very important area for fisheries.
The Algarve is one of the regions of the Portuguese coast were the fishing activity has a significant social impact with a large number of communities with traditions linked to and economic dependence on fisheries or activities associated with fisheries. The Algarve local fleet, accounts for 85% of the total number of registered boats and the most important region in terms of shellfish production (almost all the Portuguese production) as well as of marine fish, with the main species being sea bass, sea bream and to a lesser extent sole.
Placing long-term economic and environmental health in jeopardy because of short term profit through exploration and exploitation of oil & gas could have severe socio-economic consequences in the fisheries and tourism sector, but could also affect food security of the local population.
THE IMPACT OF AIR GUNS
Offshore exploration for oil & gas primarily use seismic surveys (air gun arrays). Similar surveys are also used for research purposes. Seismic surveys produce sound by introducing air into the water at high pressure, usually directed toward the sea floor, with up to 40 guns being fired in synchrony, while “streamers” of hydrophones listen for echoes.
Air gun pulses penetrate tens to hundreds of kilometres into the Earth’s crust, after having already travelled through sometimes thousands of meters of water. Surveys can last for many weeks at a time. During the surveys, every air gun in the array produces a pulse of noise lasting 20 to 30 milliseconds which is repeated on average every 10 to 15 seconds, often for 24 hours a day over many weeks. Air guns located 3000 km away were the predominant part of the background noise heard over hydrophones placed in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean.
As oil and gas reserves become scarcer, offshore exploration is moving into more environmentally sensitive and difficult habitats. Seismic surveys generate a great deal of waste noise (anything over 100 Hz up to as high as tens of kHz) that is unused by the petroleum industry or geophysical researchers.They also produce a loud pulse that is damaging to marine life because it is a sharp sound, with a fast rise time, and because it spreads between intervals, substantially raising the background level of noise in the ocean. More environmentally benign alternatives exist, yet these are not being used by industry.
We draw your attention to Annex I: A Review of the Impacts of Seismic Air Gun Surveys on Marine Life
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
We are concerned that there was no public consultation and that no appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken so far.
The Scientific Council of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) recently determined that Environmental Impact Assessments for Offshore Petroleum Exploration Seismic Surveys should provide a science-based tool for decision-makers to better understand the consequences of their decisions, evaluate alternatives and mitigate impacts.
Around the world, offshore exploration proposals are presented to Governments with generalized, unsubstantiated information and often without having conducted basic consultation. Subsequent decision-maker approvals or rejections of such poor Environmental Impact Assessments are being made on the basis of erroneous information and are vulnerable to criticism of bias or tokenism.
Environmental Impact Assessments should provide level of technical information that gives confidence to decision-makers.
IMPACT ON FISH SPECIES AND FISHERIES
Criticism and concerns are arising within various economic sectors, including tourism, against the proposed exploration of oil and gas resources. In this section we draw your attention to the potential impact of seismic activities on fish stocks and therefore the potential economic harm to the fisheries sector. Three decades of controlled scientific studies leave no doubt that intense sound damages fish and impacts fisheries. Ocean noise has a negative effect on at least 55 marine species. Even the viability of fish eggs was reduced in one study when the eggs were exposed to moderately loud sound for several days.
In 2003 researchers exposed pink snapper to seismic air gun sounds and found that their ears were severely damaged. The auditory hair cells did not regenerate after almost two months. This damage was seen at exposure levels that might occur several kilometres away from the sound source. The authors note the ears of pink snapper are typical of the majority of commercially important species such as cod, haddock, salmon, and tuna.
The authors also point out that fish with hearing impairment are more vulnerable to predators and less able to locate food and communicate acoustically. A review paper on the effects of noise on fish since 2003 concluded that current studies suggest that noise affects fish behaviour and thereby, fisheries.
In a study by the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research, air guns reduced trawl catch rates 45 to 70% over a roughly 2,000 square mile area of ocean. Catch rates did not recover in the five days surveyed after air gun use stopped (Engås et al., 1996). Air gun pulses also caused a catch per unit effort decline of about 50% in the rockfish hook and line fishery off the coast of California.
McCauley, Fewtrell and Popper (2003) found that the ears of fish exposed to an operating air-gun sustained extensive damage to their sendory epithelia. The damage was regionally severe, with no evidence of repair or replacement of damaged sensory cells up to 58 days after air-gun exposure. This damage was seen at exposure levels that might occur several kilometers away from the sound source. The authors note the ears of pink snapper are typical of the majority of commercially important species such as cod, haddock, salmon and tuna.
The authors also point out that fish with hearing impairment are more vulnerable to predators and less able to locate food and communicate acoustically. Popper (2003), in a review paper on the effects of noise on fish, concludes that current studies suggest that noise may affect fish behavior and thereby, fisheries.
Several studies show that fish catch rates are significantly lowered by noise from air guns indicating that increasing levels of human-produced noise in the ocean can significantly and adversely impact the food supply, employment and economies of many nations.
A study commissioned by the Namibian government has revealed that the sharp decline in tuna catches is a result of an increase in seismic exploration for oil and gas in the Orange River Basin. The government was concerned that the country’s tuna catch shrunk to 650 tonnes in 2013 from 4,046 tonnes in 2011, and that the negative effect was as a result of the search for oil and gas on the Atlantic coast driving tuna stock from their normal migratory routes.
A taskforce established to investigate the ecological effects of seismic exploration on tuna fishing has recommended that the government halts further proposed seismic survey for oil and gas in the major tuna fishing ground until more information is available. Industry concerns continued into 2014
Similarly, the Australian tuna industry formally nominated marine seismic surveys as a ‘key threatening process’ under Australia's environment legislation in 2013. The industry believes that seismic exploration threatens, or may threaten, the survival, abundance or evolutionary development of a native species or ecological community.
These events only underscore the findings made in several studies of significant displacement of commercial fish, and loss of catch, over wide spatial scales. Indeed, the Namibian and Australian events appear to extend those findings to species of tuna, which have not previously been examined.
Noise also results in alterations in fish and squid behaviour, including: alarm responses and changes in schooling patterns, position in the water column and swimming speeds. A relationship between behavioural responses and noise level has also been demonstrated.
Disruption of behaviour during critical periods such as mating, spawning and migration could be particularly important. Anecdotally, fishermen around the world have recognized a corresponding drop in fish recruitment in the seasons following a seismic survey, which could indicate that damage might have been caused to larval development or another part of the breeding lifecycle.
However, the significant absence of studies before, during and after surveys means that empirical evidence is hard to demonstrate. The absence of studies is mostly because the industry has been reluctant to fund or facilitate the studies. However, the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Seismic survey proponents cannot empirically demonstrate that their activities cause no harm.
Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles) are the only invertebrates besides insects and spiders that communicate with acoustic signals. An important study carried out on rock lobster has brought forward information that sub-lethal effects have been observed with respect to feeding and serum biochemistry weeks to months after exposure. A cellular change was also noted in the digestive gland of animals that had been exposed 4 months earlier, which may be linked to organ 'stress'. While these studies are not conclusive, they do indicate a need for caution. The effects on snow crab from close exposure (in a controlled experiment) included effects on developing fertilized eggs, bruising of the heptopancreas and ovaries, delayed embryo development, smaller larvae.
Mollusc larvae (in this case scallop) exposed to playbacks of seismic pulses have also been researched. They showed significant developmental delays in the animals and 46 percent developed body abnormalities. Similar effects were observed in all independent samples exposed to noise while no malformations were found in the control groups. Noise exposure during critical growth intervals may also contribute to stock vulnerability, underlining the urgency to investigate potential long-term effects of acoustic pollution on shellfish.
Similar studies have produced similar results for cephalopods (octopuses, squid, cuttlefish and Nautiloidea) in a number of parts of the world.
The UN General Assembly on sustainable fisheries has called upon the FAO to carry out studies on the socio-economic impacts of ocean noise pollution on fisheries – namely OP153 of doc A/RES/68/71. Specifically, the FAO: ‘[e]ncourages further studies, including by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, on the impacts of underwater noise on fish stocks and fishing catch rates, as well as associated socioeconomic effects’.
The need for such studies should not be underestimated. The use of air guns near fish stocks severely affects their distribution, local abundance as well as trawl and longline catch rates. It has been explained that catch rates do not return to normal even days after noise has abated.
IMPACT ON CORAL LARVAE
Free-swimming larvae of tropical corals go through a critical life-phase when they return from the open ocean to select a suitable settlement substrate. During the planktonic phase of their life cycle, the behavior of small coral larvae (< 1mm) that influence settlement success are difficult to observe in situ and are therefore largely unknown. Here, the study shows that coral larvae respond to acoustic cues that may facilitate detection of habitat from large distances and from upcurrent of preferred settlement locations.
Using in situ choice chambers, the study found that settling coral larvae were attracted to reef sounds, produced mainly by fish and crustaceans, which were broadcast underwater using loudspeakers. The discovery that coral larvae can detect and respond to sound is the first description of an auditory response in the invertebrate phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, anemones, and hydroids as well as corals. If, like settlement-stage reef fish and crustaceans, coral larvae use reef noise as a cue for orientation, the alleviation of noise pollution in the marine environment may gain even greater urgency.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Annex II entitled ‘Recent International Decisions in Relation to Marine Mammals and Anthropogenic Underwater Noise Activities’ provides a selective and brief overview of provisions adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and ACCOBAMS relating to ocean noise, since 2010. This annex focuses only on the aspects relating to provisions which promote “measures” to mitigate negative impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise, such as applying the usage of the “best available technologies and techniques” and applying “best environmental practice”, as well as specific measures to be applied in context to “protected areas”.
Annex III profiles a landmark agreement to protect whales and dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico from high-intensity air gun surveys. The settlement requires new safeguards, including: placing biologically important areas off-limits (incl. sperm whale habitat); expanding protection to additional at-risk species (sperm whales, bottlenose dolphins, etc.); requiring the use of listening detection devices to better ensure surveys do not injure endangered sperm whales; and mandatory use of passive acoustic listening devices to detect and avoid marine mammals during times of reduced visibility. It also foresees a multi-year research and development project, to be undertaken by industry, to develop and field test an alternative to air guns known as marine vibroseis that has the potential to substantially reduce many of the adverse environmental impacts of seismic activity.
We hope that the information presented will be reviewed and taken into consideration when a final assessment is made on the seismic proposal.
Yours sincerely
Sigrid Lüber
President of OceanCare of behalf of:
Alianza Mar Blava
Animal Welfare Institute
MEER e.V.
Morigenos – Slovenian Marine Mammal Society
NRDC
OceanCare
Ocean Conservation Research
Ocean Mammal Institute
Oceanomare Delphis Onlus
Pro Wildlife e.V.
Salvia Team
Vivamar Society for the Sustainable Development for the SeaWild Migration
Whale and Dolphin Conservation
Wildmigration Network
Contact information:
Sigrid Lüber, President of OceanCare
Oberdorfstrasse 16, CH-8820 Wädenswil
slueber@oceancare.org - Tel: +41 44 780 66 88
